{"id":893,"date":"2018-07-30T20:01:43","date_gmt":"2018-07-30T17:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/?p=893"},"modified":"2024-04-26T22:58:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T19:58:02","slug":"short-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/2018\/project\/short-history\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda \u00fcmumi m\u0259lumat Avropa Meydanlar\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n Tarix\u00e7\u0259l\u0259ri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Avropa meydanlar\u0131n\u0131n tarixi tarix\u00e7\u0259si antik Yunan d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r uzanan yaylalar\u0131n v\u0259 ictimai a\u00e7\u0131q sah\u0259l\u0259r\u0131n a\u015fkar edildiyi tarixi qaynaqlarda da izl\u0259nil\u0259 bil\u0259r. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r meydanlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n Avropaya xas bir x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tdir, \u00e7\u00fcnki dig\u0259r m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259r, h\u0259tta \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck meydanlara sahib olsalar da bel\u0259, onlarda meydanlar\u0131 indiki d\u00f6vr\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xaran \u0259laq\u0259 ba\u011flar\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyildir. Mydanlar\u0131 icad ed\u0259n v\u0259 x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 onlar\u0131n qap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7araq bir memarl\u0131q n\u00fcmun\u0259si kimi inki\u015faf etdir\u0259n Avropa olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259\u00a0Yunan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259sas yolun b\u0259sit \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si meydan\u0131 \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirdi, zaman ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 is\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t v\u0259 dini m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r ona g\u00f6z\u0259llik qatd\u0131. Yunanl\u0131lardan meydan \u0259n\u0259n\u0259si Roma memarlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edildi, burada\u00a0forum<\/em>\u00a0(q\u0259dim Romada a\u00e7\u0131q havada yol boyunca sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ticar\u0259t m\u0259qs\u0259dli ictimai yer) m\u0259kan\u0131n planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 z\u0259ruri etdi.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pore\u00e7,
Pore\u00e7, Xorvatiya <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Roma \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcqutundan sonra t\u0259xmin\u0259n 900-cu ild\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r h\u0259yat\u0131 yenid\u0259n Avropaya qay\u0131td\u0131, q\u0259dim Roma m\u0259sk\u0259nl\u0259rinin yerind\u0259 onlar\u0131n eskizl\u0259ri qorunmaqla, bir \u00e7ox orta \u0259sr\u0259 aid qala v\u0259 divarlar v\u00fcs\u0259t ald\u0131,\u00a0forum<\/em>\u00a0m\u0259rk\u0259zi meydana \u00e7evrildi. Biz bunlar\u0131n izl\u0259rin\u0259 Xorvatiyan\u0131n Dalma\u00e7iya sahill\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Zadar v\u0259 Pore\u00e7 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 rast g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259rik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Obidos,
Obidos, Portuqaliya \n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Orta \u0259sr\u0259 aid ist\u0259nil\u0259n \u015f\u0259h\u0259rcik \u0259sas\u0259n qala divarlar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259l\u0259ndiyind\u0259n, onlar\u0131n r\u0259smi havadan dronla \u00e7\u0259kildiyind\u0259 h\u0259min \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin ha\u015fiy\u0259si\u00a0v\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi aras\u0131ndak\u0131 t\u0259m\u0259l ziddiy\u0259tini g\u00f6rm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u0259zil\u0259ri, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Portuqaliyada Obidos bu istehkamlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r qoruyub saxlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0Meydanlar dar v\u0259 dolambac \u015f\u0259h\u0259r k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uy\u011funsuz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 duran geni\u015f bir m\u0259kanlard\u0131r. Orta \u0259sr meydanlar\u0131 dem\u0259k olar ki, h\u0259r zaman bir kils\u0259 v\u0259 bir f\u0259vvar\u0259sinin olmas\u0131 il\u0259 s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259nir. Ki\u00e7ik \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259ki meydanlar\u0131n f\u0259vvar\u0259l\u0259rinin rolu da \u00e7ox \u015fax\u0259lidir. Amma b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259ki meydanlarda f\u0259vvar\u0259l\u0259rin olmas\u0131 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 v\u0259 ayinl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onun rolu tamamil\u0259 estetik m\u0259na da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Qala divarlar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131\u00a0Q\u0259rbi Avropa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6n\u0259mli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r vermi\u015fdir. Birincisi, m\u0259hdud m\u0259kan \u0259srl\u0259r boyu \u0259hali s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin bu divarlar aras\u0131nda sabit qalmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na g\u0259lirdi. \u018fhali art\u0131qdan sonra istehkam m\u0259rk\u0259zinin geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259sind\u0259ns\u0259, yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verildi, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 Orta \u018fsrl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7ox sayda yeni ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rinin \u0259sas\u0131 qoyuldu. Tikinti h\u0259r zaman \u015f\u0259h\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259yin edilmi\u015f m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259n ba\u015flay\u0131rd\u0131, bel\u0259 ki, tikil\u0259c\u0259k ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c yer meydan olurdu. Qala divarlar\u0131n\u0131n ikinci \u00f6n\u0259mli n\u0259tic\u0259si is\u0259 o olmu\u015fdu ki, m\u0259rk\u0259z h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 eyni qal\u0131rd\u0131. Bu c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 meydan \u0259sas\u0259n h\u0259nd\u0259si m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdirildi. Bu yer \u0259n \u00e7ox qorunan yer, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nin \u0259l uzada bil\u0259c\u0259yi \u0259n son yer idi. Yaln\u0131z \u00e7ox az sayda qap\u0131dan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 giri\u015f imkan\u0131 verilirdi. Avtomatik olaraq, b\u00fct\u00fcn giri\u015f yollar\u0131 m\u0259rk\u0259zi meydana g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131rd\u0131. Havadan da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, meydan orta \u0259sr \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin m\u0259rk\u0259zi olmu\u015fdur. Divarlar vizual olaraq, m\u0259rk\u0259z il\u0259 \u0259traf m\u00fchit aras\u0131ndak\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r ayd\u0131n \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, ba\u015fqa bir t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259tic\u0259si ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131: m\u00fcasirliyin \u015f\u0259f\u0259qind\u0259 divarlar s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131qdan sonra ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri birba\u015fa \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015f b\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 daha \u00e7ox \u0259razi qatmaqla, bir x\u0259tt \u00fczr\u0259 deyil, konsentrik \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259y\u0259 meyl ald\u0131. Biz bunu bir \u00e7ox Avropa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00f6vr\u00fcm\u00fczd\u0259 d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rik.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Valladolid,
Valladolid, \u0130spaniya \n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu orta \u0259sr \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri intibah d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Avropaya miras qald\u0131. F\u0259q\u0259t Avropa daha sonralar bu c\u00fcr \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri sevm\u0259di v\u0259 onlar\u0131n tamamil\u0259 f\u0259rqli olmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259di: Avropa m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 f\u0259rqli bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259r d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr edirdi. \u0130ntibah d\u00f6vr\u00fc, \u0259slind\u0259 \u0259sl \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 il\u0259 deyil, onlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ox x\u0259yali sal\u0131nmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259h\u015furdur. N\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259 yerini praktiya verdi v\u0259 bu bir f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi. Bel\u0259 ki, 21 sentyabr 1561-ci ild\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir yan\u011f\u0131n Valladolid \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rin f\u0259lak\u0259ti \u015f\u0259h\u0259rsalma \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn real bir s\u0259b\u0259b yaratd\u0131. Bo\u015f m\u0259kanda \u0259z\u0259m\u0259tli Plaza Mayor (t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259d\u0259 \u201cB\u00f6y\u00fck Meydan\u201d) sal\u0131nd\u0131, bu yer indi d\u0259 \u0130spaniyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck meydanlar\u0131ndan biridir. Avropada ilk planl\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 tikilmi\u015f meydan olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00f6vr\u0259 tam m\u0259lum deyil. Onun simmetriyas\u0131 v\u0259 plan\u0131 havadan da ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Salamanka,
Salamanka, \u0130spaniya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Valladolid meydanlar\u0131n\u0131n memarl\u0131q v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri bir \u00e7ox ba\u015fqa meydanlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131 v\u0259 bu, 1729-cu ild\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l meydanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Salamanka \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259ki Plaza Mayor meydan\u0131nda m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259llik s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131. Havadan foto\u015f\u0259klind\u0259 ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, meydan\u0131n perimetrl\u0259ri d\u0259qiq  kvadrat \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 deyil, daha \u00e7ox trapez formas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Normal g\u00f6rm\u0259 buca\u011f\u0131ndan bax\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ist\u0259nil\u0259n piyada meydan\u0131n m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l paralelliy\u0259 v\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259r\u0259 malik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr: memar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi ki\u00e7ik m\u0259kan, amma   g\u00f6rm\u0259 buca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n  geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259sin\u0259 m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l olaraq hesablanm\u0131\u015f inc\u0259 optik ill\u00fcziya m\u0259kanda \u0259ks olunur.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

XVI \u0259srd\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 qalalara malik idi, lakin onlar f\u0259rqli planlarla in\u015fa edilirdi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r planlama missiyas\u0131 getdikc\u0259 memardan r\u0259ssama, r\u0259ssamdan is\u0259 m\u00fch\u0259ndis\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. D\u0259yi\u015fikliyin \u0259n \u00f6n\u0259mli \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 17-ci \u0259srd\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131 v\u0259 Vauban il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirildi. Onun t\u0259klif etdiyi istehkam n\u00f6v\u00fc h\u0259dsiz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilmi\u015f \u015f\u0259h\u0259r divarlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 \u00e7ox sayda \u0259sg\u0259r yerl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sini n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturdu. Avropa boyunca, Hollandiyada Narden v\u0259 Burtane b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n tutmu\u015f Portuqaliyadak\u0131 Almeyda v\u0259 Rum\u0131niyadak\u0131 Alba Karolina b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 ulduz-\u015f\u0259killi qalalar meydana g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu h\u0259rbi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259ki geni\u015f meydana aparan d\u00fcz v\u0259 s\u0131ral\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 ideal bir qurulu\u015fa malik idi. Yerd\u0259n bax\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tikilil\u0259rin \u00e7ox zaman sad\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc olmas\u0131 qalalar\u0131n m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259lliyini hiss etdirm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verirdi. Lakin havadan \u015f\u0259kill\u0259ri \u00e7\u0259kildiyind\u0259, onlar \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l Avropa m\u0259sk\u0259nl\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r, sanki g\u00f6yd\u0259n yer\u0259 ulduzlar s\u0259p\u0259l\u0259nib. Meydanlar\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tliliyi d\u0259 m\u0259hz onlar\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi m\u0259kan\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan hadis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n qaynaqlan\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Narden,
Narden, Hollandiya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

18-ci \u0259srin ortalar\u0131ndan sonra v\u0259 19-cu \u0259sr boyunca \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r \u00f6zl\u0259rini t\u0259tbiq etdikl\u0259ri h\u0259rbi, texnoloji v\u0259 siyasi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri il\u0259 tan\u0131tma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\u00a0\u00a0\u015e\u0259h\u0259r c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc idar\u0259etm\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259ti ged\u0259r\u0259k azald\u0131 v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 monarxiya idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi alt\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Krallar \u00f6zl\u0259rini tez toplamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259r g\u0259tirm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 paradlar t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar, bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn is\u0259 \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259r d\u00fcz k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259l\u0259b etdil\u0259r. Bununla da, \u015f\u0259h\u0259r icmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc idar\u0259 etm\u0259 g\u00fcc\u00fc getdikc\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k yox oldu. \u00d6zl\u0259rinin yay evl\u0259rind\u0259 ya\u015fama\u011fa ba\u015flayan aristokratlar\u0131n say\u0131 \u00e7oxalma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Onlar \u015f\u0259h\u0259r idar\u0259etm\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rin\u0259 yax\u0131n olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rini \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 tikm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Zamanla bu yerl\u0259r onlar\u0131n \u0259sas ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. V\u0259 \u00e7ox q\u0131sa bir zamanda insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin nec\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc bir maraq sah\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0259tic\u0259? \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fdi. \u018fg\u0259r q\u0259dim orta \u0259sr ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u0259miyy\u0259tin ehtiyaclar\u0131na \u0259saslanan yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 plan\u0131 vard\u0131sa, indi \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r aristokratiyan\u0131n z\u00f6vql\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fdirilmi\u015fdi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r estetikas\u0131nda \u0259sasl\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ba\u015f verdi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259r d\u00fczl\u0259\u015fdirildikd\u0259n sonra xarici g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ayd\u0131nla\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131 v\u0259 insanlar ilk d\u00f6ng\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r olan m\u0259saf\u0259ni g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131alr. Bu yerd\u0259n xarici m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259ni t\u0259hlil etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ki\u00e7ik d\u0259 olsa, bir add\u0131m var idi. Klassik Antik d\u00f6vr insanlar\u0131na m\u0259lum olmayan xarici m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, daha m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi: abid\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 heyk\u0259ll\u0259r yaln\u0131z yax\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259m\u0259liydi. H\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n, indi onlar uzun v\u0259 d\u00fcz k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rin sonlar\u0131nda, meydan\u0131n \u00e7ox uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n yerl\u0259rd\u0259 olan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin g\u00f6rm\u0259li yerl\u0259ridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Lissabon,
Lissabon, Portuqaliya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259, vaxtil\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcfd\u0259n yaranan bu yerl\u0259r indi ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olan yerl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. Uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259n z\u0259f\u0259r arka yollar\u0131, xatir\u0259 s\u00fctunlar\u0131, abid\u0259l\u0259r tikilmi\u015fdi. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k meydanlar\u0131 bir-birin\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n m\u0259rasiml\u0259ri inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259k m\u0259ntiqi bir add\u0131m idi. Yuxar\u0131dan bax\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1 noyabr 1755-ci ild\u0259 Lissabonda ba\u015f ver\u0259n sars\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 z\u0259lz\u0259l\u0259d\u0259n sonra Pombal Markizinin r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Lissabon meydanlar\u0131 real bir sistemdir. Geni\u015f v\u0259 s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f bulvarlar h\u0259r birinin m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259z\u0259m\u0259tli abid\u0259l\u0259ri olan Ticar\u0259t Meydan\u0131n\u0131 (Trade Square) Rosioya (Rosio), Rosionu Fiqeyra (Figueria), Martim Moni\u00e7 (Martim Moniz) v\u0259 Re\u015ftauradore\u015f\u0259 (Restauradores), Re\u015ftauradore\u015fi is\u0259 Markiz de Pombal (Pra\u00e7a do Marques de Pombal) meydanlar\u0131na birl\u0259\u015fdirir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir meydan\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259k onun qurulu\u015fu kifay\u0259t deyil. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r insanlar\u0131n v\u0259 binalar\u0131n sintezidir v\u0259 bunlar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r he\u00e7 d\u0259 ilk bax\u0131\u015fdan g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc q\u0259d\u0259r sad\u0259 deyil.  \u0130nsanlar tikilil\u0259ri yarad\u0131r v\u0259 bir c\u0259miyy\u0259tin \u00f6z tarixini, hekay\u0259sini, dinini, inanclar\u0131n\u0131 nec\u0259 yaratmalar\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yat\u0131n konkret ehtiyaclar\u0131n\u0131 bir m\u0259kana nec\u0259 s\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n yollar\u0131 bu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r dem\u0259k olar ki, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n deyil. H\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n, bu m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b prosesin n\u00fcanslar\u0131 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bdir v\u0259 \u00e7ox g\u00fcman ki, he\u00e7 vaxt tam ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259kdir. Meydan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259k arxitekturas\u0131ndan deyil, bunun daha art\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ibar\u0259tdir. Onun c\u0259miyy\u0259tin simvolik x\u0259yallar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n v\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259n bir sisteml\u0259 z\u0259ncirl\u0259nmi\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn ke\u00e7mi\u015fi, \u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 meydan\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funda g\u00fccl\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 hiss etdirir.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                Katalin D. Konstantin <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Avropa meydanlar\u0131n\u0131n tarixi tarix\u00e7\u0259si antik Yunan d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r uzanan yaylalar\u0131n v\u0259 ictimai a\u00e7\u0131q sah\u0259l\u0259r\u0131n a\u015fkar edildiyi tarixi qaynaqlarda da izl\u0259nil\u0259 bil\u0259r. \u015e\u0259h\u0259r meydanlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n Avropaya xas bir x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tdir, \u00e7\u00fcnki dig\u0259r m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259r, h\u0259tta \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck meydanlara sahib olsalar da bel\u0259, onlarda meydanlar\u0131 indiki d\u00f6vr\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xaran \u0259laq\u0259 ba\u011flar\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyildir. Mydanlar\u0131 icad ed\u0259n v\u0259 … Continue reading \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda \u00fcmumi m\u0259lumat Avropa Meydanlar\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n Tarix\u00e7\u0259l\u0259ri<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2253,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[149,145,151,148,147,152,153,154,146,150],"class_list":["post-893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-project","tag-az","tag-en","tag-es","tag-ge","tag-gr","tag-it","tag-pl","tag-pt","tag-ro","tag-tr"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"az","enabled_languages":["en","tr","ro","es","it","gr","az","pl","ge","pt"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"az":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ge":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=893"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=893"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}