{"id":893,"date":"2018-07-30T20:01:43","date_gmt":"2018-07-30T17:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/?p=893"},"modified":"2024-04-26T22:58:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T19:58:02","slug":"short-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/2018\/project\/short-history\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zetle \u015eehirler. Avrupa Meydanlar\u0131 ve Tarihleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u0103t\u0103lin D. CONSTANTIN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa \u015fehirleri i\u00e7in, meydan en \u00f6nemli yeridir. Ana yollar\u00a0oraya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, en \u00f6nemli binalar ve heykeller orada bulunur. Bir Avrupa \u015fehrinin meydan\u0131, \u015fehrin bir \u00f6zetidir. Tarihsel, mimari, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal. Bir \u015fehir meydan\u0131nda, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, sosyal hayat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 incelenebilir ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hepsi ayn\u0131 anda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u015eehir meydan\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. Yeniden yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir par\u015f\u00f6men gibi anlat\u0131r, onu okumay\u0131 bilenlere \u015fehrin farkl\u0131 zamanlardaki tarih ve ya\u015fam\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa meydanlar\u0131n\u0131n hikayesi, ilk \u00f6nce\u00a0<em>plateia<\/em>, ard\u0131ndan\u00a0<em>agora<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n meydana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yunan antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla tarihsel bir iplikle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eehir meydanlar\u0131 Avrupa&#8217;ya \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Meydanlar\u0131 olsa bile, ki baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, b\u00f6yle bir uzun s\u00fcreklilik di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde mevcut de\u011fildir. Avrupa, meydan\u0131 icat etti ve onu mimari bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirerek, \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde, d\u00fcnyaya ihra\u00e7 etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk ba\u015fta Yunan \u015fehirlerinin ana yolunun basit bir geni\u015flemesi olan meydan, zaman i\u00e7erisinde sosyal ve dini i\u015flevlerini g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla s\u00fcslenmeye neden olur. Meydan, Yunanlardan sonra, alan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde forumun gerekli oldu\u011fu savunan Romal\u0131 mimarlar\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan da \u00fcstlenilir. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu&#8217;nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra, Avrupa\u2019daki \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131 ancak 900 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden canlan\u0131r. Orta \u00e7a\u011fdaki pek \u00e7ok kasaba, sokak planlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak ve forum yerinin meydan haline gelmesiyle, Dalma\u00e7ya k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Pore\u010d ve ya Zardar\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi, antik Roma yerle\u015fim birimlerinin \u00fczerinde geli\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"693\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Porec1.jpg\" alt=\"Pore\u010d, H\u0131rvatistan\" class=\"wp-image-2215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Porec1.jpg 693w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Porec1-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px\" \/><figcaption>Pore\u010d, H\u0131rvatistan\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir drone u\u00e7u\u015funda foto\u011fraf\u0131 \u00e7ekilmi\u015f herhangi bir orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015fehri, merkez ve kenar aras\u0131ndaki temel muhalefeti g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015fehirleri her zaman surlarla \u00e7evrilidir. Portekiz&#8217;deki \u00d3bidos gibi, baz\u0131lar\u0131 bu tahkimatlar\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rmemi\u015f \u015fekilde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar muhafaza edebilmi\u015ftir. \u015eehrin dar ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olan sokaklar\u0131n aksine, meydan geni\u015f bir aland\u0131r. Neredeyse zorunlu olarak, orta\u00e7a\u011f meydan\u0131nda bir katedral ve bir \u00e7e\u015fme vard\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kasabalar i\u00e7in, \u00e7e\u015fmenin rol\u00fc i\u015flevsel de olabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler i\u00e7in bu rol tamamen estetiktir, \u00e7e\u015fmenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelenek ve rit\u00fcellere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Obidos2-1024x489.jpg\" alt=\"\u00d3bidos, Portekiz\" class=\"wp-image-2254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Obidos2-1024x489.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Obidos2-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Obidos2-768x366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Obidos2.jpg 1134w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>\u00d3bidos, Portekiz\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duvarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bat\u0131 Avrupa&#8217;daki t\u00fcm \u015fehirler i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli sonuca sahipti. \u0130lk olarak, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 alandan dolay\u0131, yerli halk\u0131n duvarlar i\u00e7inde say\u0131sal olarak y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca sabit kalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. N\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131nca, duvarlarla \u00e7evrilen alan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctmek yerine, yeni \u015fehirlerin kurulmas\u0131 tercih edilirdi, bu nedenle Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da kurulan \u015fehirlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faat her zaman merkezle ba\u015flar, meydanla ba\u015flar, ilk olarak onun yeri sabitlenir. Duvarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci \u00f6nemli bir sonucu: Merkez her zaman ayn\u0131d\u0131r, ayn\u0131 yerde kal\u0131r. Meydan, bu topluluklarda genelde geometrik merkezinin oldu\u011fu yerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunmaktad\u0131r. En \u00e7ok korunan alan oydu. D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en son yerdi. Sonra, \u015fehirlere giri\u015f sadece birka\u00e7 kap\u0131dan yap\u0131labilirdi. Otomatik olarak, t\u00fcm giri\u015fler merkezdeki meydana do\u011fru yol al\u0131r. Havadaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, meydan\u0131n orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015fehrinin odak noktas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Duvarlar \u00e7ok net bir \u015fekilde, merkezinin ve kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rsel olarak anlatmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, evrim s\u00fcrecinde meydana gelen bir ba\u015fka sonucu: modernli\u011fin \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda, duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u015fehirler do\u011frusal de\u011fil, konsentrik bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmeye e\u011filimlidir, var olan bir yap\u0131ya bir arazi dizisinin eklenmesi bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupa \u015fehirlerinde hala g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Valladolid-Spania.jpg\" alt=\"Valladolid, \u0130spanya\" class=\"wp-image-2257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Valladolid-Spania.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Valladolid-Spania-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Valladolid-Spania-768x371.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/><figcaption>Valladolid, \u0130spanya\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00f6nesans&#8217;ta, orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015fehirleri Avrupa\u2019ya miras olarak kal\u0131r. Fakat Avrupa onlar\u0131 art\u0131k sevmiyor ve onlar\u0131n tamamen de\u011fi\u015fik olmalar\u0131n\u0131 istiyor: in\u015fa edilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde, Avrupa farkl\u0131 \u015fehirsel d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 hayal ediyor. Ne yaz\u0131k ki d\u00f6nem, ger\u00e7ek \u015fehirlerin kurulmas\u0131na uygun de\u011fil, ancak hayali \u015fehirler kurulabilmektedir. Yine de, teori uygulamaya girdi\u011finde, baz\u0131 felaketlerin sonucu olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. 21 Eyl\u00fcl 1561&#8217;de, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131n Valladolid \u015fehrini sarar. Kentin felaketi, \u015fehircilik i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir nimettir. Bo\u015f kalan alanda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile \u0130spanya&#8217;da en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden biri olarak kalmaya devam eden g\u00f6rkemli Plaza Mayor in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n ilk d\u00fczenli olan pazar\u0131d\u0131r ama, ne yaz\u0131k ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok az bilinir. Yukar\u0131dan, simetrisi ve plan\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Valladolid&#8217;de kurulan mimari ve kentsel plan\u0131, bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka meydanlar i\u00e7in esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel meydanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Salamanca Plaza Mayor 1729&#8217;da m\u00fckemmelli\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca havadan \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraf\u0131ndan, meydan\u0131n \u00e7evresi kare \u015feklinde de\u011fil de, trapez oldu\u011funu an\u0131nda g\u00f6rebilirsin. G\u00f6z seviyesinden meydan istisnas\u0131z olarak, yoldan ge\u00e7enler taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde paralel ve e\u015fit taraflara sahip oldu\u011fu alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r: perspektifi derinle\u015ftirmek ve mimar\u0131n nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alan\u0131n etkisini yok etmesi i\u00e7in dikkatli bir \u015fekilde hesaplanan ince bir optik yan\u0131lsamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Salamanca-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Salamanca, \u0130spanya\" class=\"wp-image-2258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Salamanca-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Salamanca-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Salamanca-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Salamanca.jpg 1134w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Salamanca, \u0130spanya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri, \u015fehirler surlara sahip olmaya devam ediyor, ama onlar farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tasarlanmaya ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131yor. \u015eehir planlar\u0131n\u0131 tasarlama g\u00f6revi, sanat\u00e7\u0131-mimar\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, gittik\u00e7e m\u00fchendisin eline ge\u00e7meye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00d6nemli de\u011fi\u015fim an\u0131 on yedinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldad\u0131r ve Vauban&#8217;\u0131n ad\u0131yla ili\u015fkilidir. Onun \u00f6nerdi\u011fi tahkimat t\u00fcr\u00fc, \u015fehrin muazzam surlarla \u00e7evrilen kalenin i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok say\u0131da askerin kalmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklindeki tabyalar \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131l\u0131r: Hollanda&#8217;da Naarden ve Bourtange\u2019den ba\u015flayarak, Portekiz\u2019de Alamedia\u2019da, ve ya Romanya\u2019da&nbsp;Alba Carolina\u2019ya kadar gider. Bu askeri \u015fehirlerin m\u00fckemmel bir yap\u0131lar\u0131 var, sokaklar d\u00fcz ve hizalanm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde, merkezde bulunan, mutlaka geni\u015f olan bir meydana do\u011fru y\u00f6neltir.&nbsp;Zemin seviyesinden, \u00f6zellikle binalar\u0131n genelde ha\u015fin bi\u00e7imde olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 tabyalar\u0131n m\u00fckemmelli\u011fi ancak tahmin edilebilir. Fakat uzaktan, bug\u00fcn g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnden foto\u011fraflanabilecek k\u0131tan\u0131n en g\u00fczel yerle\u015fim yerleridir, onlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerde meydan\u0131n, merkezi alan olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi burada oldu\u011fu kadar a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"734\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2-734x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Naarden, Hollanda\" class=\"wp-image-2259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2-734x1024.jpg 734w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Naarden2.jpg 1134w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><figcaption>Naarden, Hollanda<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eehirler, on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan sonra ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda, askeri, teknolojik ve politik de\u011fi\u015fimleri yans\u0131tacak \u015fekilde kendilerini yeniden icat ediyorlar. Kentsel topluluklar\u0131n kendi kendini y\u00f6neten g\u00fc\u00e7, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n otokrasisi lehine bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce neredeyse tamamen d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar \u015fehre asker getirir ve askerler d\u00fcz sokaklara ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. H\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etmek, ayn\u0131 zamanda da ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renlerini g\u00fczel bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in gerekliydi. Kentsel topluluklar\u0131n kendi kendini y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fc, monar\u015finin otokrasisinin lehine, giderek azalmakta, neredeyse yok olmaktad\u0131r. Aristokratlar, k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgede bulunan saraylar\u0131nda daha az ya\u015famaya ba\u015flarlar, h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezlerine olabildi\u011fince yak\u0131n olmak isterler. Kendilerine \u015fehirde ya\u015fayacak konutlar in\u015fa ediyorlar. Zamanla, bunlar ana ikametgahlar\u0131 olur. Aniden, bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u015fehrin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle ilgilenmeye ba\u015flar. Sonu\u00e7? \u015eehir plan\u0131 radikal bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak, meydanlar\u0131n g\u00f6revi de\u011fi\u015fiyor, mekanlar\u0131n geri kalan alanlarla olan ili\u015fkileri de. E\u011fer eski orta\u00e7a\u011f yerle\u015fmelerinin t\u00fcm toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanan bir yap\u0131lar\u0131 varsa, \u015fehirler aristokratlar\u0131n zevklerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. \u015eehir esteti\u011fi alan\u0131nda, \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Sokaklar d\u00fczle\u015fti\u011finde, perspektif a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, insanlar ilk e\u011frinin \u00f6tesindeki, \u00f6tesini g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar. Buradan,&nbsp;<em>vista<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;teorisine ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in sadece bir ad\u0131m gerekli.&nbsp;<em>Vista,<\/em>&nbsp;Klasik Antik D\u00f6nemde bilinmiyordu, daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir kentsel tasar\u0131m geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in gerekli: an\u0131tlar ve heykeller sadece yak\u0131n mesafeden g\u00f6r\u00fclmemelidir, onlar bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r ve d\u00fcz olan uzun bir soka\u011f\u0131n sonunda, g\u00f6z\u00fcn uzak mesafeden meydan\u0131n i\u00e7eri girmesine izin verir. Daha \u00f6nce tesad\u00fcf olan bir etki, \u015fimdi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma unsuru haline gelir. Zafer kemerleri, hat\u0131ra s\u00fctunlar\u0131, heykeller uzaktan bile g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcnecek \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Buradan, \u015fehirleri kesi\u015fecek ve pazarlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayacak olan t\u00f6ren eksenlerine kadar, sadece bir ad\u0131m daha var. Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclen Lizbon, 1 Kas\u0131m 1755\u2019teki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 depremin sonras\u0131nda, Markiz de Pombal y\u00f6netiminde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bir bak\u0131\u015fta ortaya seriliyor. Lizbon meydanlar\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek bir sistemdir. Geni\u015f ve s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f caddeler, Ticaret Meydan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Rosio\u2019ya ba\u011flar, Rosio\u2019yu Figueira\u2019ya,&nbsp;Martim Moniz\u2019e&nbsp;&nbsp;ve Restauradores\u2019e, Restauradores\u2019i Pra\u00e7a do Marqu\u00eas Pombal\u2019e&nbsp;ve her birinin merkezinde etkileyici an\u0131tlar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"494\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Panorama-Lisabona-1024x494.jpg\" alt=\"Lizbon, Portekiz\" class=\"wp-image-2260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Panorama-Lisabona-1024x494.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Panorama-Lisabona-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Panorama-Lisabona-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Panorama-Lisabona.jpg 1134w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Lizbon, Portekiz\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir meydan\u0131n var olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in binalar yeterli de\u011fil. \u015eehirler, insanlar\u0131n ve binalar\u0131n bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r ve bu ikilinin aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar net de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar binalar\u0131 in\u015fa eder ve bir toplumun a\u00e7\u0131k alan\u0131nda hikayesini sergileme \u015feklini,&nbsp;tarihini, dinini, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n somut ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u00e7ok net de\u011fildir ve muhtemelen hi\u00e7bir zaman tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmayacakt\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcrecin say\u0131s\u0131z n\u00fcans\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yoruz. Bir meydan, onun mimarisidir ama, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun mimarisinden daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015f, toplulu\u011fun sembolik hayali ile g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr-g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir ili\u015fki sistemine zincirlenmi\u015f, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 meydan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hissettirir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u0103t\u0103lin D. CONSTANTIN Avrupa \u015fehirleri i\u00e7in, meydan en \u00f6nemli yeridir. Ana yollar\u00a0oraya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr, en \u00f6nemli binalar ve heykeller orada bulunur. Bir Avrupa \u015fehrinin meydan\u0131, \u015fehrin bir \u00f6zetidir. Tarihsel, mimari, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal. Bir \u015fehir meydan\u0131nda, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, sosyal hayat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 incelenebilir ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hepsi ayn\u0131 anda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u015eehir meydan\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/2018\/project\/short-history\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00d6zetle \u015eehirler. Avrupa Meydanlar\u0131 ve Tarihleri<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2253,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[149,145,151,148,147,152,153,154,146,150],"class_list":["post-893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-project","tag-az","tag-en","tag-es","tag-ge","tag-gr","tag-it","tag-pl","tag-pt","tag-ro","tag-tr"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"tr","enabled_languages":["en","tr","ro","es","it","gr","az","pl","ge","pt"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"az":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ge":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=893"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=893"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intothesquare.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}