Óbidos is the stereotypical portrait of a medieval city: a closed world; a world onto itself; hierarchical; assembled around a centre; and marked by its square and its Cathedral; a settlement surrounded by walls. Óbidos is one of the few medieval settlements whose original walls are still intact. Praça de Santa Maria contains its most important buildings: the Casa da Picota, dating from the 15^th century; a vertical fountain; an old covered square; and, of course, the Igreja de Santa Maria, renowned as the site of Alfonso V’s marriage to Isabella, his eight-year-old cousin.

Peñafiel is by no means famous for its square, but rather for its wines and the massive medieval castle that dominates this settlement. Plaza del Coso is nonetheless very interesting from a historical and urbanistic perspective. It is a very large square – 3500 square meters in size– unpaved, and surrounded by 48 houses, all with suspended wooden balconies. Those still standing today date from the 18^th and 19^th centuries, but the square essentially looked the same in the Middle Ages. In summer, during the celebration of San Roque, bullfighting is organised here. On Easter Sunday, the Descent of the Angel ceremony is held here. The buildings are privately owned, but the balconies have always been considered public property, and are used on such occasions for watching the spectacles and rituals in the square. Plaza del Coso was originally intended as an entertainment arena, which was very interesting for the Middle Ages. Neither the City Hall nor the cathedral are located here. However, chronologically speaking, it is considered one of the first major squares in Spain. 

Terreiro da Sé is a paradox. Although Terreiro, the square of the Porto Cathedral, is surrounded by old buildings and seems to have existed forever – or at least since medieval times – it is actually a modern creation, dating from 1940, designed to showcase the Cathedral. In order to construct this square, a relatively large number of buildings had to be demolished– among them the Chapel of Tailors – and rebuilt in other areas of the city. The column at the centre of the square is also new, dating from 1945, when the municipality finished working on Terreiro da Sé.

The incredibly small church square in Buzet is positioned at the highest point of this settlement. However, it affords no sense of perspective, giving one the sensation of being an interior space, since its small perimeter makes the buildings in the square seem much taller than they actually are, and the sky only a small detail in the far distance. Buzet is yet another Istrian hill town, once fortified by the Venetians as the base of their rule in this area. Its strange-sounding name comes from the word “buză” in the Istro-Romanian dialect, which means „lip”.

Piazza della Libertà is the oldest square in Udine, and is considered the most beautiful square on the terraferma, as the Venetian continental possessions were called. It was originally formed as an intersection between the main roads of the town, at the base of a hill with a castle and where a road designed by Palladio leads through an archway by the edge of the square.

The scenography of this square is spectacular: the colonnade of the Palazzo del Comune mirrors that of the Loggia di San Giovanni on the opposite side. Its terrace with statues, columns, and a Renaissance fountain offer spatial dynamism. The line of the square is completed by a clock tower and, in the background, the outline of the castle. The entire composition can be seen from various angles through the columns of the square’s buildings. The nearby Piazza Matteotti is the second oldest in the town, built during the expansion of the fortified interior. Much simpler and with more empty space (it contains a single column and a single fountain), it provides an interesting contrast to the visual richness of Piazza della Libertà.

Trg Marafor, the largest square in the town of Poreč (or Parenzo in Italian), lies at the sea-end of a peninsula, with its name stemming from the words Mars and forum. Poreč was the site of an important Roman castrum. The forum held a temple to the god Mars, the greatest Roman temple on the eastern Adriatic. Several of its columns have survived to this day. The square has also preserved parts of its original 1^st century pavement. The busiest street in the town is called Decumanus. In the Roman city-building system, decumanus was the name for arteries oriented on an east-west axis, with the decumanus maximus signifying the main artery of this type. The forum was built close to where it intersected with the main north-south artery, called cardo maximus. Between the cardomaximus and decumanus maximus, the cardo usually held the primary role. But sometimes, for geographical reasons, this hierarchy was reversed. This is precisely what happened in Poreč. The walled medieval town built its streets over those of the Roman castrum, copying their regular structure. On the other end of the peninsula one finds Trg Slobode, or Liberty Square, which is smaller and newer, but now serves as Poreč’s main square, as well as a meeting place for the Italian community, which maintains a strong presence in the town.

The urban structure of present-day Zadar has its origins in the time of Julius Caesar. A Roman municipium, called Iader, was built here soon after the province of Illyricum was established in 59 BC. As unlikely as it would seem today, its regular structure is perfectly visible in the structure of the current town, despite the passing of years and the continuous inhabitations that could have modified it. The square is actually the Roman forum itself, the largest on the eastern shore of the Adriatic, and still features some columns and bits of original pavement. 

The Andrea Antico square in Motovun is the only flat place in this tiny hill town. The Etruscans were not the only ones to build hill towns, for they are also quite numerous in the Istrian peninsula, in present-day Croatia. Motovun, or Montona in Italian, is the most beautiful of all such towns, with narrow streets and good use of its space. Its double fortifications and its urban structure date from the Venetian period. This small square appears much larger than it actually is, in comparison with the rest of the town.